s

dog - dogs

 ed with t sound

help-helped    

 's

boy-boy's

 ed with d sound

talk - talked

 ing

look - looking

 es

dish - dishes

 double final consonant and add ing

run - running

 double final consonant and add ed

hop - hopped

 drop final e and add ing

bite - biting

 er

fast - faster

 y

sleep - sleepy

 ly 

slow - slowly

 est

cheap - cheapest

 y to i and add es

cherry - cherries

 y to i and add est

happy - happiest

 remove y and add ily 

easy - easily

 n

grow - grown

 en

eat - eaten

 ful

help - helpful

 f to v and add es

leaf - leaves

 or

act - actor

 th

four - fourth

 ness

dark - darkness

 ion

act - action

 ous (drop final e)

fame - famous    

 ment

improve - improvement

 al

accident - accidental

 drop final e and add ation

imagine - imagination    

 ward

down - downward

 ist (drop final e)

type - typist

 less

help - helpless

 ian

magic - magician

 able (drop final e) 

value - valuable

 ship

friend - friendship

 ance (drop final e) 

endure - endurance

 ish

fool - foolish